Utilizing autofocus information for image processing in a digital camera

ABSTRACT

A method of processing a digital image comprising: capturing the image utilizing an adjustable focusing technique; utilizing the focusing settings as an indicator of the position of structures within the image; and processing the image, utilizing the said focus settings to produce effects specific to said focus settings.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an image processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses a process for utilising autofocus information in a digital image camera.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilizing a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilizing a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may be available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.

Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation in which is was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for enhanced processing of images captured by a digital camera utilising autofocus settings.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of generating a manipulated output image by means of a digital camera, the method comprising the steps of:

capturing a focused image using an automatic focusing technique generating focus settings;

generating a manipulated output image by applying a digital image manipulating process to the focused image, the digital image manipulating process utilizing the focus settings.

Preferably the focus settings include a current position of a zoom motor of the digital camera.

In a preferred embodiment the digital image manipulating process includes a step of locating an object within the focused image utilizing the focus settings.

The method may include the step of printing out the manipulated image by means of a printing mechanism incorporated into the digital camera.

It is preferred that the digital image manipulating process selectively applies techniques to the focused image on the basis of the focus settings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the method of the preferred embodiment; and

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of the ARTCAM type camera.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferably implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in the concurrently filed application, Applicant's reference ART01, U.S. Ser. No. 09/113,060 entitled “A Digital Camera with Image Processing Capability” filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference and the details of which, and other related applications are set out in the tables below. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram thereof.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit such as illustrated in FIG. 2. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device 30 leading to the production of various effects in any output image 40. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards 9 hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) 32 which is interconnected to a memory device 34 for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, autofocus is achieved by processing of a CCD data stream to ensure maximum contrast. Techniques for determining a focus position based on a CCD data stream are known. For example, reference is made to “The Encyclopedia of Photography” editors Leslie Stroebel and Richard Zakia, published 1993 by Butterworth-Heinemann and “Applied Photographic Optics” by London & Boston, Focal Press, 1988. These techniques primarily rely on measurements of contrast between adjacent pixels over portions of an input image. The image is initally processed by the ACP in order to determine a correct autofocus setting.

This autofocus information is then utilized by the ACP 32 in certain modes, for example, when attempting to locate faces within the image, as a guide to the likely size of any face within the image, thereby simplifying the face location process.

Turning now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated an example of the method utilized to determine likely image characteristics for examination by a face detection algorithm 10.

Various images eg. 2, 3 and 4 are imaged by the camera device 28. As a by product of the operation of the auto-focusing the details of the focusing settings of the autofocus unit 5 are stored by the ACP 32. Additionally, a current position of the zoom motor 38 is also utilized as zoom setting 6. Both of these settings are determined by the ACP 32. Subsequently, the ACP 32 applies analysis techniques in. heuristic system 8 to the detected values before producing an output 29 having a magnitude corresponding to the likely depth location of objects of interest 21, 31 or 41 within the image 2, 3 or 4 respectively.

Next, the depth value is utilised in a face detection algorithm 10 running on the ACP 31 in addition to the inputted sensed image 11 so as to locate objects within the image. A close output 29 corresponding to a range value 9 indicates a high probability of a portrait image, a medium range indicates a high probability of a group photograph and a further range indicates a higher probability of a landscape image. This probability information can be utilized as an aid for the face detection algorithm and also can be utilised for selecting between various parameters when producing “painting” effects within the image or painting the image with clip arts or the like, with different techniques or clip arts being applied depending on the distance to an object.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The present invention is further best utilized in the Artcam device, the details of which are set out in the following paragraphs although it is not restricted thereto.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Fortyfive different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Cross-referenced Applications

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket Refer- No. ence Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer

Tables of Drop-on-demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these fortyfive examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the Large force generated High power Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling point, Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the No moving parts Low efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and Fast operation High temperatures required Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. Small chip area required for High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, actuator Unusual materials required U.S. Pat. No. with typically less than 0.05% of the Large drive transistors 4,899,181 electrical energy being transformed Cavitation causes actuator failure Hewlett-Packard TIJ into kinetic energy of the drop. Kogation reduces bubble formation 1982 Vaught et al Large print heads are difficult to U.S. Pat. No. fabricate 4,490,728 Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead Low power consumption Very large area required for actuator Kyser et al lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is Many ink types can be used Difficult to integrate with electronics U.S. Pat. No. electrically activated, and either Fast operation High voltage drive transistors required 3,946,398 expands, shears, or bends to apply High efficiency Full pagewidth print heads impractical Zoltan pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. due to actuator size U.S. Pat. No. Requires electrical poling in high field 3,683,212 strengths during manufacture 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 Epson Stylus Tektronix IJ04 Electro- An electric field is used to activate Low power consumption Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%) Seiko Epson, Usui et strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials Many ink types can be used Large area required for actuator due to all JP 253401/96 such as lead lanthanum zirconate Low thermal expansion low strain IJ04 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium Electric field strength Response speed is marginal (˜10 μs) niobate (PMN). required (approx. High voltage drive transistors required 3.5 V/μm) Full pagewidth print heads impractical can be generated without due to actuator size difficulty Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a Low power consumption Difficult to integrate with electronics IJ04 phase transition between the Many ink types can be used Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are antiferroelectric (AFE) and Fast operation (<1 μs) required ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite Relatively high longitudinal Actuators require a large area materials such as tin modified lead strain lanthanum zirconate titanate High efficiency (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up Electric field strength of to 1 % associated with the AFE to FE around 3 V/μm can be phase transition. readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a Low power consumption Difficult to operate electrostatic IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric Many ink types can be used devices in an aqueous environment (usually air). Upon application of a Fast operation The electrostatic actuator will normally voltage, the plates attract each other need to be separated from the ink and displace ink, causing drop Very large area required to achieve ejection. The conductive plates may high forces be in a comb or honeycomb High voltage drive transistors may be structure, or stacked to increase the required surface area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to Low current consumption High voltage required 1989 Saito et al, pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due to air U.S. Pat. No. attraction accelerates the ink towards breakdown 4,799,068 the print medium. Required field strength increases as the 1989 Miura et al, drop size decreases U.S. Pat. No. High voltage drive transistors required 4,810,954 Electrostatic field attracts dust Tone-jet Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink Many ink types can be used Permanent magnetic material such as electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth Fast operation Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnetic magnets with a field strength around High efficiency required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: Easy extension from single High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for magnetic materials in the neodymium heads long electromigration lifetime and low iron boron family (NdFeB, resistivity NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, etc) Pigmented inks are usually infeasible Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke Many ink types can be used Materials not usually present in a IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material Fast operation CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or such as electroplated iron alloys such High efficiency CoFe are required as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. Easy extension from single High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for is in two parts, which are normally heads long electromigration lifetime and low held apart by a spring. When the resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current Low power consumption Force acts as a twisting motion IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is Many ink types can be used Typically, only a quarter of the utilized. Fast operation solenoid length provides force in a This allows the magnetic field to be High efficiency useful direction supplied externally to the print head, Easy extension from single High local currents required for example with rare earth nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for permanent magnets. heads long electromigration lifetime and low Only the current carrying wire need resistivity be fabricated on the print-head, Pigmented inks are usually infeasible simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be used Force acts as a twisting motion Fischenbeck, striction magnetostrictive effect of materials Fast operation Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D U.S. Pat. No. such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of Easy extension from single are required 4,032,929 terbium, dysprosium and iron nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required IJ25 developed at the Naval Ordnance heads Copper metalization should be used for Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For High force is available long electromigration lifetime and low best efficiency, the actuator should resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in Low power consumption Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension nozzle by surface tension. The Simple construction drop separation 658 A2 and related reduction a surface tension of the ink is reduced No unusual materials Requires special ink surfactants patent applications below the bubble threshold, causing required in fabrication Speed may be limited by surfactant the ink to egress from the nozzle. High efficiency properties Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced Simple construction Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction to select which drops are to be No unusual materials drop separation 658 A2 and related ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication Requires special ink viscosity patent applications achieved electrothermally with most Easy extension from single properties inks, but special inks can be nozzles to pagewidth print High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity heads Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and Can operate without a Complex drive circuitry 1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. Low efficiency 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Poor control of drop position 572,220 Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon Low power consumption Efficient aqueous operation requires a IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon Many ink types can be used thermal insulator on the hot side IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. Simple planar fabrication Corrosion prevention can be difficult IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 Small clip area required for Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 each actuator pigment particles may jam the bend IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 Fast operation actuator IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 High efficiency IJ41 CMOS compatible voltages and currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high High force can be generated Requires special material (e.g. PTFE) IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion PTFE is a candidate for low Requires a PTFE deposition process, IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 actuator (CTE) such as dielectric constant which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is insulation in ULSI PTFE deposition cannot be followed IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 used. As high CTE materials are Very low power with high temperature (above 350° C.) usually non-conductive, a heater consumption processing fabricated from a conductive material Many ink types can be used Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as is incorporated. A 50 μm long PTFE Simple planar fabrication pigment particles may jam the bend bend actuator with polysilicon heater Small chip area required for actuator and 15 mW power input can provide each actuator 180 μN force and 10 μm deflection. Actuator motions include: Fast operation 1) Bend High efficiency 2) Push CMOS compatible voltages 3) Buckle and currents 4) Rotate Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of High force can be generated Requires special materials IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is Very low power development (High CTE conductive thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to consumption polymer) actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 Many ink types can be used Requires a PTFE deposition process, orders of magnitude below that of Simple planar fabrication which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs copper. The conducting polymer Small chip area required for PTFE deposition cannot be followed expands when resistively heated. each actuator with high temperature (above 350° C.) Examples of conducting dopants Fast operation processing include: High efficiency Evaporation and CVD deposition 1) Carbon nanotubes CMOS compatible voltages techniques cannot be used 2) Metal fibers and currents Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as 3) Conductive polymers such as Easy extension from single pigment particles may jam the bend doped polythiophene nozzles to pagewidth print actuator 4) Carbon granules heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi High force is available Fatigue limits maximum number of IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol - Nickel (stresses of hundreds of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the MPa) Low strain (1%) is required to extend Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is Large strain is available fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak (more than 3%) Cycle rate limited by heat removal martensitic state and its high High corrosion resistance Requires unusual materials (TiNi) stiffness austenic state. The shape of Simple construction The latent heat of transformation must the actuator in its martensitic state is Easy extension from single be provided deformed relative to the austenic nozzles to pagewidth print High current operation shape. The shape change causes heads Requires pre-stressing to distort the ejection of a drop. Low voltage operation martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include Linear Magnetic actuators Requires unusual semiconductor IJ12 Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), can be constructed with materials such as soft magnetic alloys Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet high thrust, long travel, and (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), high efficiency using planar Some varieties also require permanent Linear Reluctance Synchronous semiconductor fabrication magnetic materials such as Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched techniques Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and Long actuator travel is Requires complex multi-phase drive the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). available circuitry Medium force is available High current operation Low voltage operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest mode of Simple operation Drop repetition rate is usually limited Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly No external fields required to less than 10 KHz. However, this is Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to Satellite drops can be not fundamental to the method, but is IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a avoided if drop velocity is related to the refill method normally IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the less than 4 m/s used IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. Can be efficient, depending All of the drop kinetic energy must be IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 upon the actuator used provided by the actuator IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 Satellite drops usually form if drop IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires close proximity between the Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used print head and the print media or 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means transfer roller patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide May require two print heads printing separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to alternate rows of the image by contact with the print medium or separate the drop from Monolithic color print heads are a transfer roller. the nozzle difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Electrostatic field for small nozzle 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means sizes is above air breakdown patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide Electrostatic field may attract dust Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong electric field. separate the drop from the nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Ink colors other than black are difficult 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means Requires very high magnetic fields patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong magnetic field acting on separate the drop from the magnetic ink. the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to block High speed (>50 KHz) Moving parts are required IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be achieved Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the due to reduced refill time Friction and wear must be considered drop ejection frequency. Drop timing can be very Stiction is possible accurate The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to block Actuators with small travel Moving parts are required IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 ink flow through a grill to the nozzle. can be used Requires ink pressure modulator The shutter movement need only be Actuators with small force Friction and wear must be considered equal to the width of the grill holes. can be used Stiction is possible High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an Extremely low energy Requires an external pulsed magnetic IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible field on ink pusher frequency. An actuator controls a No heat dissipation Requires special materials for both the catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems actuator and the ink pusher from moving when a drop is not to Complex construction be ejected.

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink Simplicity of construction Drop ejection energy must be supplied Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field or Simplicity of operation by individual nozzle actuator including other mechanism required. Small physical size piezoelectric and thermal bubble IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, providing Oscillating ink pressure can Requires external ink pressure Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure much of the drop ejection energy. provide a refill pulse, oscillator 658 A2 and related (including The actuator selects which drops are allowing higher operating Ink pressure phase and amplitude must patent applications acoustic to be fired by selectively blocking or speed be carefully controlled IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) enabling nozzles. The ink pressure The actuators may operate Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 oscillation may be achieved by with much lower energy must be designed for vibrating the print head, or Acoustic lenses can be used preferably by an actuator in the ink to focus the sound on the supply. nozzles Media The print head is placed in close Low power Precision assembly required Silverbrook, EP 0771 proximity proximity to the print medium. High accuracy Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the Simple print head Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print Wide range of print Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A transfer roller can also be substrates can be used Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. Ink can be dried on the Tektronix hot melt transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate Low power Field strength required for separation Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print Simple print head of small drops is near or above air 658 A2 and related medium. construction breakdown patent applications Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate Low power Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink Simple print head Requires strong magnetic field 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant Does not require magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move the print head resulting in electromigration problems the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to Very low power operation Complex print head construction IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which is possible Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink. A small actuator Small print head size head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical Operational simplicity Many actuator mechanisms have Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The actuator insufficient travel, or insufficient force, Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection to efficiently drive the drop ejection IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 process. process IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands more Provides greater travel in a High stresses are involved Piezoelectric expansion on one side than on the other. The reduced print head area Care must be taken that the materials IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 bend actuator expansion may be thermal, The bend actuator converts do not delaminate IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or a high force low travel Residual bend resulting from high IJ43, IJ44 other mechanism. actuator mechanism to high temperature or high stress during travel, lower force formation mechanism. Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the Very good temperature High stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This stability Care must be taken that the materials cancels bend due to ambient High speed, as a new drop do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The can be fired before heat actuator only responds to transient dissipates heating of one side or the other. Cancels residual stress of formation Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. Increased travel Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where Reduced drive voltage Increased possibility of short circuits ink jets actuators require high electric field due to pinholes IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used Increases the force Actuator forces may not add linearly, IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators simultaneously to move the ink. Each available from an actuator reducing efficiency IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 actuator need provide only a portion Multiple actuators can be of the force required. positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a Matches low travel actuator Requires print head area for the spring IJ15 motion with small travel and high with higher travel force into a longer travel, lower force requirements motion. Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When Better coupling to the ink Fabrication complexity IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off; the spring High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide Increases travel Generally restricted to planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. Reduces chip area implementations due to extreme Planar implementations are fabrication difficulty in other relatively easy to fabricate. orientations. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region Simple means of increasing Care must be taken not to exceed the IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes travel of a bend actuator elastic limit in the flexure area much more readily than the Stress distribution is very uneven remainder of the actuator. The Difficult to accurately model with actuator flexing is effectively finite element analysis converted from an even coiling to an angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel Low force, low travel Moving parts are required IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used Several actuator cycles are required gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and Can be fabricated using More complex drive electronics other gearing methods can be used. standard surface MEMS Complex construction processes Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small catch. Very low actuator energy Complex construction IJ10 The catch either enables or disables Very small actuator size Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change Very fast movement Must stay within elastic limits of the S. Hirata et al, “An a slow actuator into a fast motion. It achievable materials for long device life Ink-jet Head. . .”, can also convert a high force, low High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, travel actuator into a high travel, Generally high power requirement Feb. 1996, pp 418- medium force motion. 423. IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase Linearizes the magnetic Complex construction IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to Matches low travel actuator High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel with higher travel and high force into a motion with requirements longer travel and lower force. The Fulcrum area has no linear lever can also reverse the direction of movement, and can be used travel. for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary High mechanical advantage Complex construction IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection The ratio of force to travel Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation of of the actuator can be the impeller vanes, which push the matched to the nozzle ink against stationary vanes and out requirements by varying the of the nozzle. number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone No moving parts Large area required 1993 Hadimioglu et plate) acoustic lens is used to Only relevant for acoustic ink jets al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate Simple construction Difficult to fabricate using standard Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. VLSI processes for a surface ejecting point ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator changes, Simple construction in the High energy is typically required to Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. case of thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads Thermal Ink jet to thermal stress, cavitation, and Canon Bubblejet kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction Efficient coupling to ink High fabrication complexity may be IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. The drops ejected normal to the required to achieve perpendicular IJ11, IJ14 nozzle is typically in the line of surface motion movement. Linear, parallel The actuator moves parallel to the Suitable for planar Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication Friction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 may still be normal to the surface. Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but The effective area of the Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins push small area is used to push a stiff actuator becomes the Actuator size U.S. Pat. No. membrane that is in contact with the membrane area Difficulty of integration in a VLSI 4,459,601 ink. process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of Rotary levers may be used Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or to increase travel May have friction at a pivot point impeller Small chip area Bend The actuator bends when energized. requirements This may be due to differential A very small change in Requires the actuator to be made from 1970 Kyser et al thermal expansion, piezoelectric dimensions can be at least two distinct layers, or to have a U.S. Pat. No. expansion, magnetostriction, or other converted to a large motion. thermal difference across the actuator 3,946,398 form of relative dimensional change. 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central Allows operation where the Inefficient coupling to the ink motion IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where net linear force on the there are opposite forces applied to paddle is zero opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Small chip area Lorenz force. requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape Requires careful balance of stresses to IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. memory alloys where the ensure that the quiescent bend is austenic phase is planar accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one direction One actuator can be used to Difficult to make the drops ejected by IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and power two nozzles. both bend directions identical. bends the other way when another Reduced chip size. A small efficiency loss compared to element is energized. Not sensitive to ambient equivalent single bend actuators. temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a Can increase the effective Not readily applicable to other actuator 1985 Fishbeck shear motion in the actuator material. travel of piezoelectric mechanisms U.S. Pat. No. actuators 4,584,590 Radial The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to fabricate High force required 1970 Zoltan constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass Inefficient U.S. Pat. No. constricted nozzle. tubing as macroscopic Difficult to integrate with VLSI 3,683,212 structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a planar Difficult to fabricate for non-planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free VLSI process devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. Small area required, Poor out-of-plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the Can increase the speed of Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 middle when energized. travel High force required Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One The structure is pinned at Not readily suitable for inkjets which IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the both ends, so has a high directly push the ink other pushes it. out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to Good fluid flow to the Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they region behind the actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of High efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be Large area required for efficient 1993 Hadimioglu et vibration frequency. physically distant from the operation at useful frequencies al, EUP 550,192 ink Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Complex drive circuitry 572,220 Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the actuator No moving parts Various other tradeoffs are required to Silverbrook, EP 0771 does not move. eliminate moving parts 658 A2 and related patent applications Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the actuator is energized, it Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its normal Operational simplicity Surface tension force relatively small Piezoelectric inkjet position. This rapid return sucks in compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 air through the nozzle opening. The Long refill time usually dominates the IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink surface tension at the nozzle then total repetition rate exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is provided High speed Requires common ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink at a pressure that oscillates at twice Low actuator energy, as the oscillator IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure the drop ejection frequency. When a actuator need only open or May not be suitable for pigmented inks drop is to be ejected, the shutter is close the shutter, instead of opened for 3 half cycles: drop ejecting the ink drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a High speed, as the nozzle is Requires two independent actuators per IJ09 drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is Highly hydrophobic print head surfaces 658 A2 and related ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible are required patent applications quickly as surface tension and ink Alternative for: pressure both operate to refill the IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 nozzle. IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively Operational simplicity May result in a relatively large chip Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to Reduces crosstalk area IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, Drop selection and Requires a method (such as a nozzle Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can be rim or effective hydrophobizing, or 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from reduced both) to prevent flooding of the patent applications the nozzle. Fast refill time ejection surface of the print head. Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the the following: nozzle chamber which is required to IJ01-IJ07, IJ09- IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, reduction in chamber pressure results IJ23-IJ34, IJ36- IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the The refill rate is not as Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is restricted as the long inlet May increase fabrication complexity Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement method. (e.g. Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow Reduces crosstalk print heads). through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by Significantly reduces back- Not applicable to most inkjet Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator flow for edge-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap thermal ink jet devices Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet. Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink Additional advantage of ink Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The filtration May result in complex construction IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes Ink filter may be fabricated or slots, restricting ink flow. The with no additional process filter also removes particles which steps may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller May result in a relatively large chip nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, area resulting in easier ink egress out of Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink- Requires separate refill actuator and IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the jet print head operation drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of Back-flow problem is Requires careful design to minimize IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the ink- eliminated the negative pressure behind the paddle IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- pushing surface of the actuator IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant reductions in Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off the Compact designs possible off the inlet inlet. Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, Ink back-flow problem is None related to ink back-flow on Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does there is no expansion or movement eliminated actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. Valve-jet Tone-jet IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on May not be sufficient to displace dried Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a the print head ink IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance to dry. When not in use the IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 nozzles are sealed (capped) against IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 air. The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do Can be highly effective if Requires higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, the heater is adjacent to the clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by nozzle May require larger drive transistors patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra drive Effectiveness depends substantially May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, circuits on the print head upon the configuration of the inkjet IJ01-IJ07, IJ09- IJ11 actuator this may cause heat build-up at the Can be readily controlled nozzle IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 pulses nozzle which boils the ink, clearing and initiated by digital logic IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 the nozzle. In other situations, it may IJ36-IJ45 cause sufficient vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally A simple solution where Not suitable where there is a hard limit May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, applicable to actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 to the actuator. IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the A high nozzle clearing High implementation cost if system IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an capability can be achieved does not already include an acoustic IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency May be implemented at actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle very low cost in systems to clear blockages. This is easiest to which already include achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a acoustic actuators resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed Can clear severely clogged Accurate mechanical alignment is Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a nozzles required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of Moving parts are required patent applications posts There is risk of damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is May be effective where Requires pressure pump or other May be used with all pulse temporarily increased so that ink other methods cannot be pressure actuator IJ series ink jets streams from all of the nozzles. This used Expensive may be used in conjunction with Wasteful of ink actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print head surface is Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is head surfaces non-planar or very fragile usually fabricated from a flexible Low cost Requires mechanical parts polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic Blade can wear out in high volume elastomer. print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the Can be effective where Fabrication complexity Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- other nozzle clearing many IJ series ink ection mechanism does not require it. methods cannot be used jets The heaters do not require individual Can be implemented at no drive circuits, as many nozzles can additional cost in some be cleared simultaneously, and no inkjet configurations imaging is required.

Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures and pressures are Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated No masks required Each hole must be individually formed Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle Can be quite fast Special equipment required 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer Some control over nozzle Slow where there are many thousands SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone profile is possible of nozzles per print head Excimer Beam Equipment required is May produce thin burrs at exit holes Applications, pp. 76- relatively low cost 83 1993 Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE machined micromachined from single crystal High cost Transactions on silicon, and bonded to the print head Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive Vol. ED-25, No. 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to 1970 Zoltan capillaries glass tubing. This method has been required form U.S. Pat. No. used for making individual nozzles, Simple to make single Not suited for mass production 3,683,212 but is difficult to use for bulk nozzles manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires sacrificial layer under the Silverbrook, EP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition Monolithic nozzle plate to form the nozzle 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the Low cost chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography Existing processes can be Surface may be fragile to the touch IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic and etching. used IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are Monolithic Requires a support wafer IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13 through etched in the front of the wafer, and Low cost IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19 substrate the wafer is thinned from the back No differential expansion IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to clogged accurately al U.S. Pat. No. prevent nozzle clogging. These Crosstalk problems 5,412,413 include thermal bubble mechanisms 1993 Hadimioglu et and acoustic lens mechanisms al EUP 550,192 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is sensitive to IJ35 through which a paddle moves. complexity wicking. There is no nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position 1989 Saito et al instead of replacement by a slit encompassing clogged accurately U.S. Pat. No. individual many actuator positions reduces Crosstalk problems 4,799,068 nozzles nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) the chip edge. Good heat sinking via Fast color printing requires one print patent 2,007,162 substrate head per color Xerox heater-in-pit Mechanically strong 1990 Hawkins et al Ease of chip handing U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the No bulk silicon etching Maximum ink flow is severely Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof shooter’) chip, and ink drops are ejected from required restricted 1982 Vaught et al the chip surface, normal to the plane Silicon can make an U.S. Pat. No of the chip. effective heat sink 4,490,728 Mechanical strength IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires bulk silicon etching Silverbrook, EP 0771 forward drops are ejected from the front Suitable for pagewidth print 658 A2 and related (‘up shooter’) surface of the chip. High nozzle packing density patent applications therefore low IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 manufacturing cost IJ27-IJ45 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 reverse drops are ejected from the rear Suitable for pagewidth print Requires special handling during IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 (‘down surface of the chip. High nozzle packing density manufacture IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 shooter’) therefore low IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 manufacturing cost IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable for piezoelectric Pagewidth print heads require several Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the print heads thousand connections to drive circuits Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive Cannot be manufactured in standard piezoelectric ink jets transistors. CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series inkjets humectant, and biocide. Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modern ink dyes have high water- May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness Cockles paper patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, No odor Corrosive IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have an advantage in Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and Reduced strikethrough mechanisms patent applications strikethrough. Cockles paper Piezoelectric ink-jets Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on Prints on various substrates Flammable difficult surfaces such as aluminum such as metals and plastics cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and temperatures below the freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this is Reduced paper cockle in-camera consumer photographic Low cost printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, No drying time-ink High viscosity Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) and is melted in the print head before instantly freezes on the print Printed ink typically has a piezoelectric ink jets jetting. Hot melt inks are usually wax medium ‘waxy’ feel 1989 Nowak based, with a melting point around Almost any print medium Printed pages may ‘block’ U.S. Pat. No. 80° C. After jetting the ink freezes can be used Ink temperature may be above the 4,820,346 almost instantly upon contacting the No paper cockle occurs curie point of permanent magnets All IJ series ink jets print medium or a transfer roller. No wicking occurs Ink heaters consume power No bleed occurs Long warm-up time No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used High solubility medium for High viscosity: this is a significant All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have some dyes limitation for use in inkjets, which advantages in improved Does not cockle paper usually require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper (especially Does not wick through short chain and multi-branched oils no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. dies and pigments are required. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water, and High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water surfactant. The characteristic drop Water, oil, and amphiphilic based ink size is less than 100 nm, and is soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration determined by the preferred Can stabilize pigment required (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./ Provisional Filing Pat. application Number Date Title and Filing Date P08066 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,227,652 and Apparatus (IJ01) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08072 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,213,588 and Apparatus (IJ02) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08040 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,213,589 and Apparatus (IJ03) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08071 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,231,163 and Apparatus (IJ04) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08047 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,795 and Apparatus (IJ05) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08035 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,394,581 and Apparatus (IJ06) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08044 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,244,691 and Apparatus (IJ07) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08063 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,257,704 and Apparatus (IJ08) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08057 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,416,168 and Apparatus (IJ09) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08056 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,220,694 and Apparatus (IJ10) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08069 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,257,705 and Apparatus (IJ11) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08049 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,794 and Apparatus (IJ12) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08036 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,234,610 and Apparatus (IJ13) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08048 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,793 and Apparatus (IJ14) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08070 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,264,306 and Apparatus (IJ15) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08067 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,241,342 and Apparatus (IJ16) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08001 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,792 and Apparatus (IJ17) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08038 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,264,307 and Apparatus (IJ18) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08033 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,254,220 and Apparatus (IJ19) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08002 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,234,611 and Apparatus (IJ20) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08068 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,302,528 and Apparatus (IJ21) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08062 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,283,582 and Apparatus (IJ22) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08034 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,239,821 and Apparatus (IJ23) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08039 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,338,547 and Apparatus (IJ24) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08041 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,796 and Apparatus (IJ25) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08004 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 09/113,122 and Apparatus (IJ26) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08037 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,390,603 and Apparatus (IJ27) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08043 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,362,843 and Apparatus (IJ28) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08042 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,293,653 and Apparatus (IJ29) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08064 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,312,107 and Apparatus (IJ30) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09389 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,227,653 and Apparatus (IJ31) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09391 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,234,609 and Apparatus (IJ32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0888 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,238,040 and Apparatus (IJ33) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0891 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,188,415 and Apparatus (IJ34) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,227,654 and Apparatus (IJ35) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0873 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,209,989 and Apparatus (IJ36) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0993 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,247,791 and Apparatus (IJ37) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation Method 6,336,710 and Apparatus (IJ38) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1398 Jan. 19, 1998 An Image Creation 6,217,153 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IJ39) PP2592 Mar. 25, 1998 An Image Creation 6,416,167 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IJ40) PP2593 Mar. 25, 1998 Image Creation Method 6,243,113 and Apparatus (IJ41) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3991 Jun. 9, 1998 Image Creation Method 6,283,581 and Apparatus (IJ42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3987 Jun. 9, 1998 Image Creation Method 6,247,790 and Apparatus (IJ43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3985 Jun. 9, 1998 Image Creation Method 6,260,953 and Apparatus (IJ44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3983 Jun. 9, 1998 Image Creation Method 6,267,469 and Apparatus (IJ45) (Jul. 10, 1998)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Austra- lian Pro- U.S. Pat. No./ visional Filing Pat. application Number Date Title and Filing Date P07935 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,224,780 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM01) P07936 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,212 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM02) P07937 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,280,643 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM03) P08061 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,284,147 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM04) P08054 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,214,244 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM05) P08065 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,071,750 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM06) P08055 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,267,905 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM07) P08053 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,251,298 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM08) P08078 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,285 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM09) P07933 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,225,138 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM10) P07950 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,904 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM11) P07949 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,299,786 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM12) P08060 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 09/113,124 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM13) P08059 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,773 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM14) P08073 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,190,931 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM15) P08076 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,248,249 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM16) P08075 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,290,862 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM17) P08079 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,906 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM18) P08050 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 09/113,116 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM19) P08052 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,905 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM20) P07948 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,451,216 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM21) P07951 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,772 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM22) P08074 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,274,056 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM23) P07941 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,290,861 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM24) P08077 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,248,248 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM25) P08058 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,306,671 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM26) P08051 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,331,258 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM27) P08045 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,110,754 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM28) P07952 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,294,101 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM29) P08046 Jul. 15, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,416,679 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM30) P08503 Aug. 11, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,264,849 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM30a) P09390 Sep. 23, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,254,793 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM31) P09392 Sep. 23, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,211 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,211 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,264,850 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,284 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM37) PP0874 Dec. 12, 1997 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,284 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 Jan. 19, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,228,668 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 Mar. 25, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,180,427 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 Jun. 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,171,875 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM40) PP3990 Jun. 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,267,904 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 Jun. 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,245,247 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 Jun. 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,245,247 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 Jun. 9, 1998 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,148 of an Image Creation (Jul. 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM45)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./ Provisional Filing Pat. application Number Date Title and Filing Date P08003 Jul. 15, 1997 Supply Method and 6,350,023 Apparatus (F1) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08005 Jul. 15, 1997 Supply Method and 6,318,849 Apparatus (F2) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09404 Sep. 23, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,101 (F3) (Jul. 10, 1998)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./ Provisional Filing Pat. application Number Date Title and Filing Date P07943 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS01) P08006 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS02) 6,087,638 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08007 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS03) 09/113,093 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08008 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS04) 6,340,222 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08010 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS05) 6,041,600 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08011 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS06) 6,299,300 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07947 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS07) 6,067,797 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07945 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS08) 09/113,081 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07944 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS09) 6,286,935 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07946 Jul. 15, 1997 A device (MEMS10) 6,044,646 (Jul. 10, 1998) P09393 Sep. 23, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,065 (MEMS11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0875 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device (MEMS12) 09/113,078 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0894 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,075 (MEMS13) (Jul. 10, 1998)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding U.S. patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./ Provisional Filing Pat. application Number Date Title and Filing Date PP0895 Dec. 12, 1997 An Image Creation 6,231,148 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IR01) PP0870 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,106 (IR02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0869 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 6,293,658 (IR04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0887 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation 09/113,104 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IR05) PP0885 Dec. 12, 1997 An Image Production 6,238,033 System (IR06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0884 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation 6,312,070 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IR10) PP0886 Dec. 12, 1997 Image Creation 6,238,111 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IR12) PP0871 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,086 (IR13) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0876 Dec. 12, 1997 An Image Processing 09/113,094 Method and Apparatus (Jul. 10, 1998) (IR14) PP0877 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 6,378,970 (IR16) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0878 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 6,196,739 (IR17) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0879 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 09/112,774 (IR18) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0883 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 6,270,182 (IR19) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0880 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 6,152,619 (IR20) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0881 Dec. 12, 1997 A Device and Method 09/113,092 (IR21) (Jul. 10, 1998)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./ Provisional Pat. application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PP2370 Mar. 16, 1998 Data Processing Method 09/112,781 and Apparatus (Dot01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2371 Mar. 16, 1998 Data Processing Method 09/113,052 and Apparatus (Dot02) (Jul. 10, 1998)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Austra- lian Pro- U.S. Pat. No./ visional Pat. application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date P07991 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/113,060 and Apparatus (ART01) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07988 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,476,863 and Apparatus (ART02) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07993 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/113,073 and Apparatus (ART03) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09395 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,322,181 and Apparatus (ART04) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08017 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,747 and Apparatus (ART06) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08014 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART07) 6,227,648 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08025 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,750 and Apparatus (ART08) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08032 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,746 and Apparatus (ART09) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07999 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,743 and Apparatus (ART10) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07998 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,742 and Apparatus (ART11) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08031 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,741 and Apparatus (ART12) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08030 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART13) 6,196,541 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07997 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART15) 6,195,150 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07979 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART16) 6,362,868 (Jul. 10, 1998) P08015 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART17) 09/112,738 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07978 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Device (ART18) 09/113,067 (Jul. 10, 1998) P07982 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,431,669 and Apparatus (ART19) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07989 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,362,869 and Apparatus (ART20) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08019 Jul. 15, 1997 Media Processing Method 6,472,052 and Apparatus (ART21) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07980 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,356,715 and Apparatus (ART22) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08018 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,777 and Apparatus (ART24) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07938 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/113,224 and Apparatus (ART25) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08016 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,366,693 and Apparatus (ART26) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08024 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,329,990 and Apparatus (ART27) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07940 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,072 and Apparatus (ART28) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07939 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/112,785 and Apparatus (ART29) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08501 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,137,500 and Apparatus (ART30) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08500 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,796 and Apparatus (ART31) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07987 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,071 and Apparatus (ART32) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08022 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,398,328 and Apparatus (ART33) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08497 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/113,090 and Apparatus (ART34) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08020 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,431,704 and Apparatus (ART38) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08023 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,222 and Apparatus (ART39) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08504 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,786 and Apparatus (ART42) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08000 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,415,054 and Apparatus (ART43) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07977 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/112,782 and Apparatus (ART44) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07934 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,056 and Apparatus (ART45) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07990 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,059 and Apparatus (ART46) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08499 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,486,886 and Apparatus (ART47) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08502 Aug. 11, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,381,361 and Apparatus (ART48) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07981 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,317,192 and Apparatus (ART50) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07986 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,057 and Apparatus (ART51) (Jul. 10, 1998) P07983 Jul. 15, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,054 and Apparatus (ART52) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08026 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,752 and Apparatus (ART53) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08027 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,759 and Apparatus (ART54) (Jul. 10, 1998) P08028 Jul. 15, 1997 Image Processing Method 09/112,757 and Apparatus (ART56) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09394 Sep. 23, 1997 Image Processing Method 6,357,135 and Apparatus (ART57) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09396 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/113,107 and Apparatus (ART58) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09397 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,271,931 and Apparatus (ART59) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09398 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,353,772 and Apparatus (ART60) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09399 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,106,147 and Apparatus (ART61) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09400 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/112,790 and Apparatus (ART62) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09401 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,304,291 and Apparatus (ART63) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09402 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 09/112,788 and Apparatus (ART64) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09403 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,305,770 and Apparatus (ART65) (Jul. 10, 1998) P09405 Sep. 23, 1997 Data Processing Method 6,289,262 and Apparatus (ART66) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0959 Dec. 16, 1997 A Data Processing Method 6,315,200 and Apparatus (ART68) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1397 Jan. 19, 1998 A Media Device (ART69) 6,217,165 (Jul. 10, 1998) 

I claim:
 1. A method of generating a manipulated output image by means of a digital camera, the method comprising the steps of: capturing a focused image using an automatic focusing technique generating focus settings; storing the focus settings in a memory of the digital camera; and generating a manipulated output image by applying a digital image manipulating process to the captured focused image, the digital image manipulating process utilizing the stored focus setting, wherein the digital image manipulation process is selected from the group consisting: (a) appling a face detection algorithm to the captured focussed image, and (b) producing a painting effect within the captured focussed image.
 2. A method of generating a manipulated output image according to claim 1, wherein the stored focus settings include a current position of a zoom motor of the digital camera.
 3. A method of generating a digital image according to claim 2, further including the step of printing out the manipulated image by means of a printing mechanism inbuilt into the digital camera.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the digital image manipulating process selectively applies techniques to the focused image utilizing the stored focus settings. 